Description
Modern astronomy increasingly relies on complex, interconnected systems, including remote ground-based robotic telescopes, large survey pipelines, and sophisticated space-based observatories. While enabling unprecedented discoveries, this reliance introduces significant vulnerabilities to cyber threats, jeopardizing not only instrument operations but, critically, the integrity and availability of invaluable scientific data.
This contribution examines the end-to-end cybersecurity challenges facing contemporary astronomical facilities and proposes strategies for robust protection. We address the threat landscape encompassing unauthorized access, command intrusion, sensor data manipulation, denial-of-service attacks targeting operations or data links, and threats to long-term data archives. Specific vulnerabilities related to ground control systems, satellite communication links (uplink/downlink), onboard processing, and large-scale data distribution networks are considered.
Drawing on principles from space systems cybersecurity, we advocate for a defense-in-depth approach, incorporating secure-by-design methodologies, Zero Trust architectures adapted for scientific infrastructure, robust encryption, secure software development lifecycles for control and analysis tools, and continuous monitoring. Ensuring data integrity and provenance from the sensor through processing and archiving is paramount.
Protecting these astronomical frontiers requires a proactive cybersecurity posture integrated throughout the mission lifecycle. This work outlines key considerations and best practices essential for safeguarding current and future investments in astronomical instrumentation and ensuring the continued trustworthiness of scientific discovery in an evolving threat environment relevant to the UK's leading role in global astronomy projects.
